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Long before the Civil War, black abolitionists shared the consensus that violence would be necessary to end slavery. Unlike their white peers, their arguments were about when and how to use political violence, not if.

150 years after the ratification of the 15th Amendment, an understanding what happened during Reconstruction is essential for exploring black power, resilience and excellence. Here are some resources for teaching Reconstruction.

Charting the ironies of freedom won and lost during and after the Civil War, Eric Foner, the American historian, has also helped us better understand the ambiguous consequences of what were almost always only partial victories.

Americans still struggle over coming to terms with the core issues of the civil war and reconstruction

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For the past 50 years, some of this country’s most celebrated historians have taken up the task of making Americans less stupid about the Civil War.