Political graffiti in Cairo. "Morsi is Mubarak with a Beard",Photo by Carl Finamore / Finamore caption not literal Arabic translation
- Egyptian Military Seeks Support for Counter Revolution - The Generals' Second Act - Carl Finamore
- One-sided Coverage Obscures Real Issues - John Haylett
By Carl Finamore
August 21, 2013
Egypt is again making headlines and the army is again stepping from behind the curtains to take center stage. The military-appointed civilian figures are merely second-rate stand ins. Polls indicate that most Egyptians don't even recognize the names of the president or the prime minister.
This is the second time in as many years that the generals have acted.
In both cases, it was unparalleled, insurrectionary-like mobilizations prompting them to strategically head off boundless anger against two discredited rulers in a row, Presidents Hosni Mubarak and Mohamed Morsi, from growing into deeper condemnations of the whole rotten system.
On February 11, 2011, Mubarak was deposed and the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces (SCAF) took control, ushering in a one-year period of intense repression and secret military trials. More prisoners filled their jails in this one year than during the entire 29-year rule of the deposed dictator himself.
But after removing Morsi, "Mubarak with a beard," in early July 2013, the military has returned with far greater force and with far broader support.
It must be a great disappointment for thousands of victims of violence over the last two years to learn that supporters of the patched together military-appointed government includes many seasoned leaders who fought side by side with them against these very same generals.
For example, the respected leader of the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU) has joined the government.
The International Trade Union Confederation website reported on July 17, 2013 that Egypt's interim government appointed union leader Kamal Abu Eita as Manpower [Labor] Minister. As a result, Abu Eita, a pioneering leader in the campaign for trade union rights and social justice resigned his post as president of EFITU.
How could this happen? Why are so many reformers supporting the military?
Ruling the Streets but Not the Government
The sad and unforgiving reality is that the removal of this bankrupt governing duo in the last two years created political vacuums in government that the rebellious youth, women, working class and impoverished millions were never quite able, willing or prepared to fill.
As a result, many millions, perhaps reluctantly or perhaps by default, accept the powerful military as inevitable and even necessary.
Despite these important political limitations, common to most social protest movements, the mobilizations in Egypt did in fact topple two powerful regimes and must still be considered the highest form of people's democracy.
Direct action remains the most immediate register of people's opinions and most authentic expression of their real voices, unfettered by financial manipulation by the rich and unrestrained by organizational superiority of traditional parties that normally characterize stagnant, static parliamentary elections the world over.
However, after the Morsi government became paralyzed by incredibly massive protests throughout the country, the same glaring contradictions appearing in February 2011 reappeared in July 2013 - that is, the main actors in Morsi's demise, the mobilized and aroused majority, were still politically and organizationally unprepared to directly take over the reins of government.
But the generals were ready again this time, indeed, more than ever. Shocked by the 18-day revolutionary anti-Mubarak protests of 2011, both the army and the feloul (Egyptian term for former regime remnants) were better prepared the second time around.
Alas, in both cases, the military was the only organized force having the sheer power, historical authority and social credibility to fill the vacated seats of power. This is a glaring example of how a gaping political breech, like any physical vacuum in nature, is filled with forces exerting the most pressure.
The harsh truth is that the army was the only remaining organized force of the old regime that survived the February 2011 toppling of the dictator Hosni Mubarak.
The Muslim Brotherhood was also intact and was by far the best organized social and political entity outside the boundaries of the traditional power structure. This explains their brief rise to power.
Everything else collapsed. Even the notorious police thugs of the Ministry of Interior were nowhere to be seen in the weeks after Mubarak's fall but they have since resurfaced with a vengeance.
Though the old feloul business elite remained largely intact during the last tumultuous two years of revolutionary protest, they generally kept a low profile. The current army takeover has given them new life with their political representatives occupying most of the thirty or so military-appointed regional governorships and around one-third of the top cabinet positions.
Reform Movement Disoriented by New Government
It is to be expected that the military takeover has temporarily stunned the population, particularly because of the dramatic episodes of police violence. There is also a quite natural knee-jerk mass impulse favoring and giving the benefit of doubt to those in power that briefly exerts itself.
But all these factors, these otherwise false hopes in the military government, can be countered and challenged by continuing to campaign for urgent popular reforms that could expand the base and increase the organization of the protest movement.
True, the government would remain in the hands of the military or their civilian cronies during this time but reform pressures would continually be exerted from below through strikes and mobilizations. These efforts could win critically important partial victories and ultimately strive to credibly compete at some future point for government power directly, via a newly constructed political party of the oppressed and working class majority.
For example, the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU) just posted the following proposals worth noting in full because of their popular urgency in a country still suffering significant unemployment and vast stretches of poverty:
"The President of Republic must reinstate all laid-off workers; Representation of employees in the drafting committee of a Constitution and of the laws relating to social justice; Immediate publication of a law on trade union freedoms; Immediate publication of a law setting minimum and maximum wages, indexed to prices; Implement a law that guarantees pensions for all workers, including the street vendors, fellahin (poor peasants) and fishermen; Publication of a true healthcare law, to replace the current law, which dates back to 1964; Repeal the law criminalizing strikes and demonstrations, as well as those who organize them; End the privatization program and implement the decisions of the Justice Department which mandate the return of privatized firms to the State."
But such a national broad action campaign has not yet materialized, no doubt weakened by the loss of key EFITU figures like Abu Eita.
Support given to the military by veteran reformers provides baseless prestige to a government engaged in a brutal and unconscionable war against the Muslim Brotherhood - a war that must be opposed on principled grounds of supporting democratic rights for all, not just those with whom we agree.
In addition, unrestrained attacks on the otherwise compliant Muslim Brotherhood, who have never challenged the economic power of the elite minority, raises legitimate fears that the military is actually testing the waters for future repression against striking workers and a rebellious majority sure to eventually reemerge against lingering poverty.
It is uncertain when that upsurge will arise because this latest government transformation is no doubt the most successful cosmetic facelift yet, buying more time for the old order or "deep state" as it is now commonly referred, to reassert its control.
In any case, while the regime makeover definitely comes at the bloody expense of the Muslim Brotherhood, all who are being fooled into postponing action campaigns demanding the government address the country's glaring problems are its victims as well.
[Carl Finamore has seen up close the bravery and remarkable achievements of the Egyptian revolution and is confident more fraternal international solidarity including discussion and debate will benefit their cause. He is Machinist Lodge 1781 delegate to the San Francisco Labor Council, AFL-CIO and can be reached at local1781@yahoo.com and at carlfinamore.wordpress.com ]
[Thanks to the author for sending this to Portside.]
by John Haylett
August 21, 2013
Last month's removal by the army of the Mohammed Morsi government and the subsequent bloody dispersal of Muslim Brotherhood camps in Cairo have provoked contradictory emotions about the situation in Egypt.
The apparent negation of Egyptians' democratic choice and subsequent huge loss of life have led many observers to see what has taken place as an army coup followed by military repression.
But the country's secular left sees things differently, with trade unions, political parties and many other organisations backing Morsi's removal from the presidency following his 2012 election.
There were certainly questions surrounding the legitimacy of the process that brought the brotherhood-backed candidate to power.
In the first round ousted dictator Hosni Mubarak's head of security Ahmed Shafik was declared to have beaten progressive Nasserite Hamdeen Sabahi into third place.
This led to a run-off between Morsi and Shafik, forcing supporters of the revolution that led to Mubarak's removal to either abstain or hold their nose and vote for the Muslim Brotherhood representative.
In the end, though, the record of Morsi and his government triggered their downfall.
The causes were both political and economic, including plummeting living standards for working people and the poor and the president's stubborn insistence on pushing through a constitution based on the Muslim Brotherhood's take on sharia law.
Morsi's decision in mid-June to hand al-Gamaa al-Islamiya member Adel Mohamed Khayat the governorship of Luxor also outraged local people since it was the latter's group that organised the 1997 massacre of 62 people at the resort, including 58 tourists.
Tourism Minister Hisham Zaazou tendered his resignation following the appointment, which also served to remind people of the brotherhood's record of assassination as a mode of argument stretching back at least to its attempted liquidation of national hero Gamal Abdel Nasser, which led it to be banned in 1954.
The writing was on the wall for the Mosni regime when no fewer than 22 million signatures, together with ID card numbers, were collected opposing his rule on a petition initiated by the Tamarod (Rebel) organisation.
Tens of millions of people then mobilised in the streets on June 30 for what was seen as Egypt's second revolution following the 2011 overthrow of Mubarak.
Morsi tried to brazen out the challenge to his rule, but the armed forces responded to this massive display of people power by ousting him on July 3.
This was only the second time in a century that the military had intervened in this way. The first was the British client King Farouq's removal in 1952, which gave way to an era of self-determination under Nasser.
The brotherhood responded to Morsi's removal by staging what it called "sit-ins" in the Rabea and Nahda areas of the capital which were portrayed as peaceful protests against a military coup. Visiting media teams were given guided tours and told that brotherhood supporters "only want democracy."
Little reported in the West was evidence of a string of attacks on communities surrounding the camps, the establishment of illegal checkpoints, women being forced to cover their hair and the seizure, torture and murder of supporters of the new provisional government.
Top Egyptian Communist Moataz El-Hefnawy says that attempts were made to negotiate a peaceful solution, "even by (EU foreign policy high representative Catherine) Ashton and local religious figures, but the Muslim Brotherhood insisted on continuing until Morsi returned as president."
Hefnawy maintains that if Morsi supporters had restricted themselves to peaceful protest they could have kept up their sit-ins.
"But they attacked, tortured and killed people in their camps - both opponents and people who wanted to leave," he says.
"They used the poor children and women as human shields."
At the same time, Muslim Brotherhood supporters unleashed an offensive against the Shia Muslim minority and Coptic Christian communities, burning down dozens of churches.
"No state in the world would allow such violent sit-ins where participants store arms, torture and kill opponents, yet remain untouched in the middle of residential neighbourhoods in a crowded capital like Cairo," says Hefnawy.
Tamarod responded to reports that Morsi supporters were planning nationwide marches with a rallying call that neighbourhood watches should be formed to protect homes, mosques and churches.
Tamarod founder Abdel Aziz said that a mass presence in the streets, while respecting the nightly curfews imposed by interim President Adly Mansour, would show "the total rejection of domestic terrorism" and "blatant foreign meddling" in Egypt's internal affairs.
Hefnawy accuses the brotherhood of taking advantage of government patience to carry out an increased level of terrorist attacks all over the country, especially in Sinai and Upper Egypt.
"They are terrorists, sometimes using religion and sometimes using politics, yet they used to find support from abroad at the expense of the national interest," he says.
"Their co-operation with Hamas in Gaza, Turkey, Sudan and obviously the US was not in the national interests of Egypt and its people."
Security forces are continuing to crack down on the Muslim Brotherhood, arresting its spiritual head Mohammed Badie and his deputy Khairat al-Shatir among others.
However the interim government insists that there is still political space for supporters of the brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party provided that they turn their backs on violence.
While it is difficult to see an immediate end to the carnage that has already seen over 1,000 people killed, including 100 police and soldiers, Hefnawy believes that violent resistance will peter out in the near future in the face of popular opposition and a security crackdown.
"They will finally understand that the Egyptians do not want them in power any more," he says.
"The best thing for them to do is to learn the lesson and separate religion from politics.
"They should stop using good-hearted normal religious people in the service of their international pan-Islamic project."
Hefnawy appreciates the difficulty that people overseas face in interpreting the past week's events in Egypt, especially given a media onslaught that has ignored the twin-track approach of the Muslim Brotherhood and has been obsessed with rhetoric about a coup, military repression and the supposed "unravelling" of Egypt's revolution.
But he says: "We would like all political forces in Britain, Europe and the world to listen to the voice of the people who suffered under tyranny for 40 years and then under a fascist religious regime for one year.
"The people have risen up and have spoken out."
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