In the pandemic year 2020, 76 years after two American atomic bombs left the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in ashes, the world’s nuclear powers increased spending on nuclear weapons by $1.4 billion more than they had put out the previous year.
“Hope…is not the same as joy that things are going well…or…headed for early success, but rather an ability to work for something because it is good...”
World military expenditure in 2020 is estimated to have been $1981 billion, the highest level since 1988 — and world military expenditure in 2020 was 2.6 per cent higher in real terms than in 2019 and 9.3 per cent higher than in 2011.
All states conduct espionage but if the Biden administration responds to espionage with sabotage it will take national rivalry in cyberspace to a wholly new level of danger.
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